Kelvin Estevez Essays (414 words) - Case Law,

Kelvin Estevez Diversity in Criminal Justice Assignment No. 5 Professor D. Dykes Fall/2016 DUE: DECEMBER 6, 2016 What is the meaning of the Defense of Marriage Act? September 21, 1996 is a United States federal law that, prior being to being ruled unconstitutional, defined marriage for federal purpose as the union of one man and woman, and allowed states to refuse to recognize same sex marriages granted under the law of other states. What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Hollingsworth v. Perry? Same sex has the fundamental right to marry. What was the Supreme Court's ruling in United States v. Windsor? U.S supreme court ruled that federal government cannot discriminate against married lesbian/gay couples for the purpose of determination federal benefits and protection. What is the name of the first New York City Police Officer who announced he was gay? Sgt Charles Cochrane. What is the definition of homophobia? A hatred of gay persons. Disapproval or fear of homosexual. What is the definition of situational homosexuality and give an example? Situational homosexuality behavior that occurs between two persons who are otherwise heterosexual this in contingent upon the environment that people find themselves. For example, when a man is incarcerated and get sexual involved without with other man because there is no woman around. What was the supreme court's ruling in Romer V Evans? U.S supreme court struck down a Colorado constitutional amendment that denied gay men and lesbians anti-discrimination protection. What was the name of the Hate Crime Statute passed by President Obama? Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr which expanded hat crime legislation to gender, sexual identity, orientation and disabilities. What is the Daughters of Bilitis? The first lesbian organization which started in San Francisco. What is the Mantachie Society? The first gay organization that fought society for gay rights and equalities. Define the 1845 Statute? Explained that people cannot masquerade in drag and must wear 3 pieces of clothing that pertained to their gender. What was the court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas? The U.S Supreme Court struck down anti-sodomized. What is the gay panic defense? It's a legal strategy like temporary insanity or diminish capacity to which the defendant claims to be a target of a homosexual advancement by the victim. Define primary and secondary victimization? Primary- when they are directly victimized by the people. Secondary- Essentially double victimized by society, particularly when they seek assistance for initial victimization that they have endured.

A Users Guide to Time Phrases in Mandarin Chinese

A User's Guide to Time Phrases in Mandarin Chinese Mandarin Chinese has time-related phrases that clarify when the action in a sentence is happening. These expressions are similar to English terms like, yesterday or the day before yesterday. Here is a list of common time expressions, which we will explore in more detail below: Days today - ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ © - jÄ «n tiÄ nyesterday - æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¤ © - zuà ³ tiÄ nthe day before yesterday - å‰ Ã¥ ¤ © - qin tiÄ ntomorrow - 明å ¤ © - mà ­ng tiÄ nthe day after tomorrow - Ã¥ ¾Å'Ã¥ ¤ © (trad) /Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¤ © (simp) - hà ²u tiÄ n Years this year - ä »Å Ã¥ ¹ ´ - jÄ «n ninlast year - åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´ - qà ¹ nintwo years ago - å‰ Ã¥ ¹ ´ - qin ninnext year - 明å ¹ ´ - mà ­ng nintwo years from now - Ã¥ ¾Å'Ã¥ ¹ ´ / Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¹ ´ - hà ²u nin Weeks and Months The prefixes for weeks and months are as follows: this week - 這個星æÅ"Ÿ / è ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - zhà ¨ gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «this month - 這個æÅ"ˆ / è ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - zhà ¨ gà ¨ yuà ¨last week - ä ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - shng gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «last month - ä ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - shng gà ¨ yuà ¨two weeks ago - ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - shng shng gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «two months ago - ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - shng shng gà ¨ yuà ¨next week - ä ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - xi gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «next month - ä ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - xi gà ¨ yuà ¨two weeks from now - ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - xi xi gà ¨ xÄ «ng qÄ «two months from now - ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - xi xi gà ¨ yuà ¨ Clarifications The time expressions for  days  and  years  have the same prefixes except for the previous time period: åŽ » (qà ¹) for  last year  and æ˜ ¨ (zuà ³) for  yesterday.   The time expressions for  year  can also be used for events which happen every year, such as anniversaries, school years, and vacations. For example: last year’s spring vacationåŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦Ëœ ¥Ã¥ â€¡qà ¹ nin chÃ… «n ji This same pattern can be used for events which follow weekly or monthly patterns, such as semesters or seasons: last summer - åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¤ Ã¥ ¤ © - qà ¹ nin xitiÄ n

Impact of the Internet on small businesses Research Paper

Impact of the Internet on small businesses - Research Paper Example Through the internet, a business of any size can compete in the global marketplace. In fact, on the internet, the size of an organizations operation makes little difference because the internet is an open environment. Similar companies compete against one another while being only a click of the mouse away. In other words, a buyer can locate numerous sellers offering similar merchandise, similar prices and similar offers in a very short time period. As more people and businesses become comfortable with the internet, the marketing landscape will continue to evolve quickly in the coming years (The Influence of Internet on Modern Business, 2009). The arrival of internet related technologies helped small scale industries immensely. Many of the traditional business concepts were given way for internet related business strategies because of the arrival of computers and internet. For example, internet helped the business world to convert many of the offline market spaces into online market spaces. Moreover, outsourcing, offshoring like modern business principles were evolved out because of the developments in internet related technologies. Advertising is another in which internet helps small scale industries immensely. Social networks are used extensively by the businesses for marketing and advertising purposes. At the same time, internet has the potential to affect small businesses negatively also. For example, internet helped globalization in many ways. It should be noted that globalization helped corporate companies to expand their business all over the world. The intrusion of corporate companies in small scale industry segments is causing big threats to the small business groups. In short, internet provides both opportunities and threats to small businesses. This paper analyses the impacts of internet on small businesses. The Internet potentially can be used by small businesses to support external (inter-organizational and

Health Care Informatics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Informatics - Research Paper Example It requires ample data related to the patient’s condition both before and during the illness to assess a near interpretation of the disease. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDDSS) exceptionally fulfils the data requirement for optimum diagnosis. However, the problem to be solved originates in the minds of the clinician or health care personnel and a DSS could not be expected to lead direct to a confirmed conclusion. But the DSS are designed chiefly to avoid gross anomaly in diagnosis due to variance in expertise among clinicians. Thus Decision Support Systems facilitate potential reconciliation of one group of information with other. A refined definition of DSS is hence put as: A computer – based algorithm that assists a clinician with one or more component steps of diagnostic process. (Eta S.Berner, 1999) The term DSS is commonly construed as computer based system, since the micro views of clinical settings are generally contained within the perspectives of data bases, model bases, knowledge bases and graphical user interface. However, the broader view of clinical setting is provided by system wide organisational perspective. In view of effective organisational management, the health industry has absorbed and created a virtual dependency on automation, making the usefulness and applicability of computers inevitable. (Joseph K.H. Tan et al, 1998) Technological developments emerge as a result of innovation. The cult of innovation, although is universally recognised and accepted by virtue of its novelty at its core, the power of innovation is typically uncoiled at the intersection of three components namely, innovation, creativity and environment. (Barbara A. Blakeney et al, 2009). The authors of this article have well established their notion on innovation by delineating two different models of innovation: User-driven innovation & Disruptive innovation. The team

UAE and Oman labour laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UAE and Oman labour laws - Essay Example UAE and Oman Labour Laws UAE is the second biggest by population in the GCC and the second biggest economy of the region and transshipment hub. It is the largest gas exporter in the world. On the other hand, Oman is relatively poor in the region and relies on the mineral industry. However, nationalization is highest in this country. The GCC countries have categorized employment visa into to maid visa, farming visa, and employment visa. A common feature in the region is that farmers and housemaids are not part of the labor laws. Officials issue employment visa to establishments and companies and bases it on the size and the company’s capital. ‘Hire and fire’ is the underlying principle of GCC countries (Latham & Watkins, 2009). These countries have nevertheless failed in establishing standards for migrant workers that are intentionally acceptable. Most of the GCC countries’ labor and immigration laws are famous for enhancing and validate inhuman treatment to wards migrant workers. For instance, the Khiraj (exit permit) is a requirement for employees who want to leave the region. The employer must grant the employee permission to leave the country. This is a common practice in the region with the exception of UAE and Kuwait. The employees do not have freedom to change their jobs unless they receive permission from their present employers (Latham & Watkins, 2009). Comparison of the UAE and Oman Labor Laws Statutory Authority In the UAE Federal Law No. 8 of 1980, Regulatory Labour Law Relations govern labor matters, which are simply the Labour Laws. In this country, the Ministry of Labour is the one charged with the responsibility of dealing with labour matters. While in Oman, regulation of labour matters are by Sultan’s Decree No. 35/2003. The state recently amended the statute in October 2011 by Royal Decree No. 113/2011. Unlike the UAE, in Oman the Ministry of Manpower is in charge of labor matters (Latham & Watkins, 2009). Worki ng hours Under the UAE Labour Law, eight hours is the set maximum working hours per day for an adult employee. After five consecutive hours of work, an employee gets to have a rest break. The working week is made of six days. On the other hand, for the Oman Labour Law provides for a five-day working week. The maximum working hours in a week are 45 hours (article 68 of the Oman Labour Law) as opposed to the 48 hours in the UAE (Latham & Watkins, 2009). The daily working hours for each employee is nine hours. During the month of Ramadan, the set maximum working hours per week are 30 hours per week. This means that one has to work for only five hours per day. Contrary to this, the UAE Labour Law sets 36 hours per week as the maximum working hours during the month of Ramadan (Latham & Watkins, 2009). However, the maximum number of hours worked per day is the same for both countries. About overtime, in accordance to the Oman Labour Law the maximum overtime per day is three hours. This is because an employee only receives a total of 12 hours to work per day. The UAE Labour Law provides that overtime hours should not exceed two hours per day. The exceptions for extended overtime hours include a case where the work to be done involves prevention of the occurrence of a serious loss or accident, or removal or

Perspective on Race Theme for English B

Perspective on Race Theme for English B The poem Theme for English B is based on an assignment the speaker receives from his college English class. He is told to write a page about whatever comes to his mind as long as its true. Hughes, however, portrays the writers dilemma and uncertainty about what to write and what is necessarily true. Ultimately, the author provides a wide of range of audiences, from the African American youth to college students today, with a glimpse of how he perceives life and his interpretation of the assignment. In the poem, Langston Hughes not only touches upon the African American struggle for equality but through imagery, style, language, tone and repetition, he also dramatizes the inner thoughts of the colored student. Although he is different physically, he possesses the same human characteristics as his classmates and the instructor.   As the poem specifically focuses on the student, the readers expect him to be an intellectual individual because he is the only black student in his entire class. This reason alone also contributes to the students dilemma about the assignment. He is unsure about the instructors expectations and how he might react to the students response mainly due to their color differences. The student also possesses a courageous attitude because he is able to express his opinions about racial equality and describes his instructor and himself to be part of each other. Ultimately, this simple poem carries a stronger message of racial Kaur 2 awareness and identity. By the end of the poem, the student is able to resolve his dilemma by concluding that even though they might not always like it, the instructor and the student are part of each other and thats true. In order to fully understand the poem one must understand where the author is coming from. Langston Hughes, an African American and one of the many writers who rose up during the Harlem Renaissance, wrote this poem to portray ignorance about race. Even though he wrote the poem many years after the movement in 1951 at the peak of discrimination, it provides accurate accounts of experiences heeded by the black population at the time. Hughes [wrote] about Afro-Americas inability to actualise equality in the United States  nearly a century after President  Abraham Lincolns emancipation proclamation (Harlem World). One could sense that the poem could be an autobiography based on Hughes own personal experiences. This is apparent because the author did attend Columbia University but unlike the speaker in the poem he was not born in Winston-Salem. According to Anne Stevenson, the poem could be a reminiscence of Hughes earlier experiences and this is his way of reanalyzing some of the thi ngs he went through at a much younger age. However, even after such invigorating attempts by the author to illuminate on black experiences, his poem was met with mixed reactions. Hughes work was criticized by black critics who protested that his work only focused on the unattractive view of black life. However, Hughes was praised by many critics as well. Hughes refused to differentiate between his personal experience and the common experience of Kaur 3 black America (Poets.org from the Academy of American Poets). Thus, some were glad that he sided with the common folks and wrote about his personal experience in such a creative way. Hoyt W. Fuller claims that Hughes chose to identify with plain black people-not because it required less effort and sophistication, but precisely because he saw more truth and profound significance in doing so. This shows Hughes commitment to writing about African American experiences in an accurate way, instead of writing about obscure things like many of the poets did at the time. The primary audience for the poem could be seen as the speakers instructor and classmates, for whom he first wrote the poem. The audience could also have been the African American population of Harlem, where Langston Hughes resided for much of his life. However, the secondary audiences (or addressees now) could be seen as the college students either analyzing the poem in their writing class, African American studies class, or those pursuing poetry in general. In any case, this poem could be seen as a historical piece educating future generations about our past. The main focus of the poem is on the structure and the initial assignment that the student must focus on, which not only reveals his dilemma but Hughes uses this to highlight concepts of race. Unlike the rest of the poem, which appears to be in free verse, the instructions for the assignment are given in perfect and end rhyme. The instructor said, Go home and write a page tonight. And let that page come out of youThen, it will be true (1-3). Even though most of us may find these instructions fairly clear, the writer, seems rather confused and conflicted about if the assignment is really this simple. He is Kaur 4 not sure his reality is the same as his fellow classmates due to his race. He endures an identity crisis and continuously tries to convince himself he is not any different from his professor and classmates because of his skin color. In the poem, the speaker reveals himself as a twenty-two-years-old colored student, and tries to answer the assignment by appealing to the audience. He lists things like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I like to eat, sleep, drink and be in love. I like to work, read, learn, and understand life (21-22). In doing so the student tries to express to the audience as well as his instructor that being African American doesnt stop him from liking the same things as other races. However, this leads to his next dilemma because now the student begins to wonder so will my page be colored that I write? (26). The student wonders if his race might have an influence on his writing and whether his instructor will be able to understand him because he is white. The audiences can relate to the speaker, not only due to his young age, but also because he feels like an outsider, which many of us encounter time to time. Hughes uses imagery to portray a typical day in the students life as he tries to make sense of his assignment. The steps from the hill lead down into Harlem through a park, then I cross St. Nicholas, Eighth Avenue, Seventh, and I come to the Y, the Harlem Branch Y, where I take the elevator up to my room, sit down, and write this page (11-15). Through these lines the author creates a visual of where the student lives, his normal routine of getting home from school, and the normalcy of his experience that makes him a typical person. However, his school seems to be above Harlem, perhaps outside the Kaur 5 city and this may lead to his feelings of being out of place. Also this long route that the student must take back and forth suggests that he may be poor, yet, based on his intellect he can go to a university that most of his neighborhood will never get to experience. This pertains to Hughess overall message that this student is just another resident of mainly African American community in Harlem and his skin color does not differentiate him from society. The poem consists of informal language written in jazz-poetry style, which demonstrates jazz-like rhythm or feel of improvisation (PittsburgStateUniversity). The poem consists of breaks in the middle of the lines and flows in a rhythmic pattern. Its not easy to know what is true for you or me at twenty-two, my age. But I guess Im what I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you: hear you, hear mewe twoyou, me, talk on this page (16-19). The speaker tries to establish a connection between him and his surroundings. He constantly refers to Harlem and how he can see and hear it. This develops into a small back and forth dialogue. These lines make it obvious that the speaker has a deep connection with his community and he feels understood and comforted by it. This leads him to conclude that [his paper] will not be white (28). The writer is able to understand his roots and (at this part) is coming to terms with what he will write for the assignment. Hughes uses repetition to establish a stronger emphasis on the point he is trying to make. In the next few lines, the student decides that whatever he writes will not be white. This is the crucial part of the essay because even though the student addresses the Kaur 6 instructor and realizes the differences between the two, he still believes they are part of each other. But it will be a part of you, instructor. You are white yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. Thats American. Sometimes perhaps you dont want to be a part of me. Nor do I often want to be a part of you (29-35). By repeating words like part of, you, and me the author highlights his main message: we are all part of each other. The writer realizes even though he is an individual, he is still a human being and part of the same society as his instructor. This simple, yet, powerful message makes the reader realize that we are more alike than one might think. The tone the author takes in the poem could be described as a bit ironic, and regretful. In the beginning, the speaker wonders if the assignment is really as simple as it seems but he ends the poem by simply stating that This is my page for English B (41). The speaker also is split between two aspects of his life. First of all, he is different than others in his class because he is black but he is also an American, which makes him the same as everyone else. You are whiteyet a part of me, as I am part of you. Thats AmericanThats true (31-33). Nevertheless, the poem ends with a sense of regret. Even though the student and the instructor are the same because they are both Americans, the instructor is still more free than him. One of the important components of the poem is its style, and language. Even though the poem starts out with the end rhymes and perfect rhymes, it is mostly written in free verse with Jazz like rhythm. The language of the poem is simple and straightforward as well, which makes it easier to understand and relate to. Also one can learn a lot from Kaur 7 the diction of the poem. The simplicity of the words prevents many different interpretations of the poem. Thus, different readers can agree on the themes of the poem and pretty much come to the same conclusion regarding its message. Walter Rhett writes, [Langston] approached issues and problems, differences and deficiencies with the joy of common sense. His work never yelled or sliced the truth into half measures, but it was never bombastic, in-your-face prevaricating, and no matter how dark the situation, always had an embedded sense of humor. In fact, this is exactly how most of the students and bloggers feel about Hughess poetry. Some (like Rhett) go as far as to say, although Hughes wrote about complex issues, he was always honest and rich in his writing. In the poem Theme for English B, Langston Hughes uses style, repetition, tone, language and imagery to effectively demonstrate African American struggle for equality. Hughes describes his personal account with race through the eyes of the colored student, who struggles to accomplish his assignment because he questions the similarities and dissimilarities between himself and his instructor. Hughes specifically targets African American audiences who can relate to the speaker of the poem and sympathize with him. Although students now days can understand the speakers dilemma, its looked at as a historical piece. Hughes is praised for his accurate portrayal of black life and use of particular diction and syntax to appeal to the audiences. Kaur 8 Work Cited Espey, Debbie. Examining Theme for English B by Langston Hughes.  Associated Content. Associated Content, Inc., 13 March 2010. Web. 6 Nov 2010. Harlem, By Langston Hughes, 1951.  Harlem World. WordPress, 8 July 2008. Web. 16 Nov 2010. Jazz Poetry: 1920s-30s.  PittsburgStateUniversity. Pittsburg State University, 29 January 2007 . Web. 14 Nov 2010. Langston Hughes (1902 1967).  Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation , 2010. Web. 6 Nov 2010. Langston Hughes Group.  enotes. Salon Media Group, INC, 5. September 2008. Web. 6 Nov 2010. Langston Hughes. Poets.org From the Academy of American Poets. Academy of American Poets, 1997-2010. Web. 13 October 2010. Langston, Hughes. The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Vintage, 1994. Print Rhett, Walters. Theme for English B: Remembering Langston Hughes.  Southern Perlo Stories/Insights/Open Views. Salon Media Group, INC, 25 August 2010. Web. 6 Nov 2010. Kaur 9 Stevenson, Anne . #60 Theme for English B (Langston Hughes).  Poetry Countdown  . WordPress, 3 September2009. Web. 17 Nov 2010. Writers Memo The greatest strength in my essay would be the fact that it addresses many rhetorical devices and it focuses on the rhetorical analysis, instead of just summarizing the plot. My weaknesses mainly rely in the structure of the paragraphs. I had to struggle a lot with making effective transition from paragraph to paragraph. I would like to think I worked thoroughly and equally hard on all aspects of my essay. However, like I mentioned above, organizing my paragraph was really time consuming and frustrating. If I had extra time to fix my essay, I would probably try to reorganize my paragraphs and look for spelling/grammar errors. I would also try to check for plagiarism because I used many outside sources in my essay and sometimes I get carried away and either forget to cite or accidentally take others ideas as my own. Actually I wasnt sure if I had grasped the whole concept of analyzing works rhetorically before working on this essay. I learned a lot about rhetorical devices that make certain texts effective or ineffective. Overall, I think I finally understand the concept of rhetoric. Just like everyone else, I would like to receive an A on this assignment, even though that may not be the case. I like to think I worked on this essay best to my ability and tried to incorporate the necessary details into it. However, I do realize that my essay does have some weak points and Id like to at least receive a B.

Lessons of the Socialist Planned Soviet Economy :: essays papers

Lessons of the Socialist Planned Soviet Economy A long time ago the chancellor of Germany, Bismarck, said the following after reading the â€Å"Communist Manifesto† by Marx and Engels, â€Å"This is very interesting. But now we have to find a country that we wouldn’t pity to do an experiment on†. Russia was to be the country that this experiment would take place in. The main part of the experiment consisted of running a Socialist planned economy which is defined as the state of economy, where all production sections are governed and owned by government institutions. Before the country could implement the planned economy it had to adapt some policies. First the country had to start industrializing, or as some economists call it the â€Å"big push† (industry-first strategy). The growth of the industrial sector was the ultimate goal. But since Russian economy was so backward it required a transitional period that was called state capitalism. In stated capitalism, through nationalization, the state would control major sectors of the economy and use this control to influence the remaining private sectors. Nationalization gave the state not only the control of the means of production, but it also insured the control over the output. Another policy that had to be adapted was the collectivization. After 1927, when the voluntary grain output fell below government target, Stalin ordered the collectivization of agriculture by forcibly establishing collective farms. Millions of peasants who resisted collectivization were arrested, and then executed or deported. Even in the post-Soviet era, the collectivization of agriculture was Soviet economy’s sore spot; it never achieved its economic goals. To hold all this together there had to be an organization big enough to balance what had now been known as the input-output economy. In 1922, Gosplan was created to exclusively and explicitly deal with planning. In the early stages Gosplan delivered the control figures and planed targets. In 1925 Gosplan assumed responsibility for drawing up Five Year Plans. The Five Year Plan called for industrialization at a maximum pace with a conception that some major construction projects had to be done. By the end of 1930s the nationalization was completed, agriculture collectivized, and the national planning mechanism established. The Soviet economic system was one of the most complex organizational arrangements, especially among the different layers of organizations.